Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-based Polybenzoxazine Hybrids From Vanillin, Thymol, and Carvacrol

Recently, the fast advancement of bio-based polymers has boosted the interest in green and sustainable materials. In this context, polybenzoxazine-derived renewable resources have been widely investigated due to their environmental benefits and high mechanical and thermal properties. This study focused on synthesizing hybrid benzoxazines from bio-phenolic compounds— vanillin, thymol, and carvacrol— combined with Jeffamine D-230 and paraformaldehyde. The chemical structures of hybrid benzoxazines (Van-JD, Thy-JD, and Car-JD) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR). Furthermore, the curing behavior and thermal stability of synthesized bio-phenolic-based benzoxazines were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).