Progress in interlaminar toughening of aerospace polymer composites using particles and non-woven veils

Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites generally have a layered architecture and are commonly manufactured with thermosetting resins - making them susceptible to interlaminar fracture (i.e. delamination), which is often a major concern in structurally critical applications. As a result, various approaches have been explored to enhance interlaminar fracture resistance. This review focuses on third-phase toughener inclusions, which offer opportunities to create damage resistant and damage tolerant structures without significantly adding weight or reducing in-plane mechanical properties. These toughener inclusions, typically introduced in the interlaminar regions, are divided into two categories herein: particle fillers and non-woven fibre veils. The advantages and limitations of both types are discussed, and the potential of the two approaches is evaluated using published data, aiming to provide an overview of the current understanding and challenges in designing and manufacturing safe and reliable composite structures.