Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): From production to nanoarchitecture

Among many biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), generated by microorganisms, have highly attracted attention in various fields due to their unique physicochemical properties. So far, various types of progresses have been made in environmental and engineering fields by employing PHAs. Recently, employing PHAs for nanoarchitecture has become a newly emerging trend among researchers. The intrinsic nature of PHAs has dragged them towards fabrication of nanoparticles and nanocomposites. PHAs integration with nanoparticles has been vastly noted and applied in various areas such as drug delivery, antibacterial agents and bioengineering. Here, a brief review is given to how PHAs act and are produced by microorganisms, demonstrating their properties and finally, their most recent applications are discussed in nanoarchitecture and the ways they are manipulated in the fabrication of nanomaterials. This review can shed light on the exhaustive understanding of PHA capability in nanoarchitectural basics toward the development of advanced nanomaterials in many fields such as medicine, catalysis, sensor, and adsorbents.