Multi-site energy use management in the absence of smart grids

Demand-side management (DSM) allows an energy load to be balanced across multiple consumers. Energy consumption fluctuations cause important costs based on the alternating energy price tariffs. DSM creates opportunities for consumers to reduce their energy consumption costs by smoothing the daily load curve. An MINLP model is constructed based on power consumption, which aligns with the production schedules of the industrial units. Then, these feasible schedules are used as an input for a cooperative Bayesian game that is designed to balance the hourly loads. A case study of three factories, where the demand-side manager tries to minimize the instability of purchasing electricity from the general grid through load balancing, is considered.