Mobility as a service for passengers and freight: a stakeholder- based policy feasibility assessment in Amman, Jordan

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has been widely applied in passenger transport, yet its extension to urban freight remains insufficiently examined, particularly in developing cities characterized by fragmented logistics systems and limited institutional capacity. This paper evaluates the policy feasibility of a conceptual Mobility-as-a-Service for Passengers and Freight (MaaS4PaF) model in Amman, Jordan. The analysis combines a PESTEL assessment of institutional and market readiness with a stakeholder-differentiated multi-criteria evaluation to compare MaaS4PaF with conventional freight distribution models. The findings indicate that while technological readiness and platform adoption create favorable conditions, governance fragmentation and regulatory limitations remain key barriers. Stakeholder evaluation reveals strong support for MaaS4PaF among freight operators, regulators, and residents, while shippers show greater preference for direct shipping due to concerns over operational control. This divergence reflects a structural coordination challenge rather than a technical limitation. The results demonstrate that stakeholder alignment and governance design are central to policy feasibility. The Amman case provides transferable insights for cities seeking to improve urban freight efficiency through platform-based coordination without requiring major infrastructure investment.