Method development for the determination of cadmium in lipsticks directly by solid sampling high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

A practical and fast method was developed for the determination of cadmium in lipstick by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with solid sampling. Since digestion step was not applied, the method was fast, simple, cheap and environmentally friendly. In addition, the risks of contamination and/or analyte loss prior to analysis were eliminated. Lipstick samples were put on the platform around 1.0 to 2.5 mg, Pd was injected as a modifier and introduced to the furnace by means of manual solid sampler. Interference-free determination of cadmium was carried out using aqueous standards for calibration applying 850 °C for pyrolysis and 1600 °C for atomization. The aqueous cadmium standard added on a solid lipstick was quantitatively recovered. The limit of detection and characteristic mass were 5.0 pg and 2.8 pg, respectively. Finally, the cadmium concentrations in various kinds of lipsticks were determined applying the optimized conditions developed in this study. Additionally, micro-scale heterogeneity of cadmium distribution in the samples were determined.