MAX phases and their spark plasma sintered composites- review

This review focuses on the spark plasma sintering (SPS) of Ti-based MAX phases, particularly those with Al and Si at the A-site, emphasizing their role in composite materials. The general properties and detailed oxidation behavior of the MAX phases (especially Ti₂AlC, Ti₃AlC₂ and Ti₃SiC₂) are investigated. The production review is structured under two main categories: first, binary composites using spark plasma sintered MAX phases as the matrix are examined, and an in-depth analysis of their microstructural and mechanical properties is presented. Secondly, composites in which MAX phases are used as additives to enhance the properties of other matrices via the SPS method are reviewed, paying consideration to the impact of the inclusion of the MAX phase on overall performance. Important aspects such as sintering kinetics, phase stability, and property optimization are also discussed for both MAX phases and composites, based on comparisons of findings reported in the literature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of SPS in tailoring MAX phase-based composites for advanced applications by integrating findings from recent studies.