Large streamer chamber muon tracking detector in a high-flux fixed-target application

D. Adams; B. Adeva; E. Arik; A. Arvidson; B. Badelek; M. K. Ballintijn; G. Bardin; G. Baum; P. Berglund; L. Betev; I. G. Bird; R. Birsa; P. Björkholm; B. E. Bonner; N. de Botton; M. Boutemeur; F. Bradamante; A. Bravar; A. Bressan; S. Bültmann; E. Burtin; C. Cavata; D. Crabb; J. Cranshaw; T. Çuhadar; S. Dalla Torre; R. van Dantzig; B. Derro; A. Deshpande; S. Dhawan; C. Dulya; A. Dyring; S. Eichblatt; J. C. Faivre; D. Fasching; F. Feinstein; C. Fernandez; S. Forthmann; B. Frois; A. Gallas; C. Garabatos; J. A. Garzon; T. Gaussiran; H. Gilly; M. Giorgi; E. von Goeler; S. Goertz; I. A. Golutvin; A. Gomez-Tato; G. Gracia; N. de Groot; M. Grosse Perdekamp; E. Gülmez; K. Haft; D. von Harrach; T. Hasegawa; P. Hautle; N. Hayashi; C. A. Heusch; N. Horikawa; V. W. Hughes; G. Igo; S. Ishimoto; T. Iwata; E. M. Kabub; T. Kageya; A. Karev; H. J. Kessler; T. J. Ketel; J. Kiryluk; Iu Kiryushin; A. Kishi; Yu Kisselev; L. Klostermann; D. Kramer; W. Kröger; K. Kurek; J. Kyynäräinen; M. Lamanna; U. Landgraf; K. Lah; T. Layda; J. M. Le Goff; F. Lehar; A. de Lesquen; J. Lichtenstadt; T. Lindqvist; M. Litmaath; M. Lowe; A. Magnon; G. K. Mallot; F. Marie; A. Martin; J. Martino; T. Matsuda; B. Mayes; J. S. McCarthy; K. Medved; W. Meyer; G. van Middelkoop; D. Miller; Y. Miyachi; K. Mori; J. Moromisato; J. Nassalski; L. Naumann; T. O. Niinikoski; J. E.J. Oberski; A. Ogawa; C. Ozben; D. P. Parks; H. Pereira; A. Penzo; F. Perrot-Kunne; D. Peshekhonov; R. Piegaia; L. Pinsky; S. Platchkov; M. Plo; D. Pose; H. Postma; J. Pretz; T. Pussieux; J. Pyrlik; G. Raädel; I. Reyhancan; G. Reicherz; A. Rijllart; J. B. Roberts; S. Rock; M. Rodriguez; E. Rondio; L. Ropelewski; A. Rosado; B. Roscherr; I. Sabo; J. Saborido; A. Sandacz; D. Sanders; I. Savin; P. Schiavon; A. Schiller; K. P. Schüler; R. Segel; R. Seitz; Y. Semertzidis; S. Sergeev; F. Sever; P. Shanahan; E. P. Sichtermann; F. Simeoni; G. I. Smirnov; A. Staude; A. Steinmetz; U. Stiegler; H. Stuhrmann; M. Szleper; K. M. Teichert; F. Tessarotto; D. Thers; W. Tlaczala; S. Trentalange; A. Tripet; I. Tzamouranis; G. Unel; M. Yelasco; J. Yogt; R. Voss; R. Weinstein; C. Whitten; R. Willumeit; R. Windmolders; W. Wislicki; A. Witzmann; N. Zamiatin; A. M. Zanetti; K. Zaremba; J. Zhao

doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00556-2

Large streamer chamber muon tracking detector in a high-flux fixed-target application

D. Adams^*, B. Adeva, E. Arik, A. Arvidson, B. Badelek, M. K. Ballintijn, G. Bardin, G. Baum, P. Berglund, L. Betev, I. G. Bird, R. Birsa, P. Björkholm, B. E. Bonner, N. de Botton, M. Boutemeur, F. Bradamante, A. Bravar, A. Bressan, S. BültmannE. Burtin, C. Cavata, D. Crabb, J. Cranshaw, T. Çuhadar, S. Dalla Torre, R. van Dantzig, B. Derro, A. Deshpande, S. Dhawan, C. Dulya, A. Dyring, S. Eichblatt, J. C. Faivre, D. Fasching, F. Feinstein, C. Fernandez, S. Forthmann, B. Frois, A. Gallas, C. Garabatos, J. A. Garzon, T. Gaussiran, H. Gilly, M. Giorgi, E. von Goeler, S. Goertz, I. A. Golutvin, A. Gomez-Tato, G. Gracia, N. de Groot, M. Grosse Perdekamp, E. Gülmez, K. Haft, D. von Harrach, T. Hasegawa, P. Hautle, N. Hayashi, C. A. Heusch, N. Horikawa, V. W. Hughes, G. Igo, S. Ishimoto, T. Iwata, E. M. Kabub, T. Kageya, A. Karev, H. J. Kessler, T. J. Ketel, J. Kiryluk, Iu Kiryushin, A. Kishi, Yu Kisselev, L. Klostermann, D. Kramer, W. Kröger, K. Kurek, J. Kyynäräinen, M. Lamanna, U. Landgraf, K. Lah, T. Layda, J. M. Le Goff, F. Lehar, A. de Lesquen, J. Lichtenstadt, T. Lindqvist, M. Litmaath, M. Lowe, A. Magnon, G. K. Mallot, F. Marie, A. Martin, J. Martino, T. Matsuda, B. Mayes, J. S. McCarthy, K. Medved, W. Meyer, G. van Middelkoop, D. Miller, Y. Miyachi, K. Mori, J. Moromisato, J. Nassalski, L. Naumann, T. O. Niinikoski, J. E.J. Oberski, A. Ogawa, C. Ozben, D. P. Parks, H. Pereira, A. Penzo, F. Perrot-Kunne, D. Peshekhonov, R. Piegaia, L. Pinsky, S. Platchkov, M. Plo, D. Pose, H. Postma, J. Pretz, T. Pussieux, J. Pyrlik, G. Raädel, I. Reyhancan, G. Reicherz, A. Rijllart, J. B. Roberts, S. Rock, M. Rodriguez, E. Rondio, L. Ropelewski, A. Rosado, B. Roscherr, I. Sabo, J. Saborido, A. Sandacz, D. Sanders, I. Savin, P. Schiavon, A. Schiller, K. P. Schüler, R. Segel, R. Seitz, Y. Semertzidis, S. Sergeev, F. Sever, P. Shanahan, E. P. Sichtermann, F. Simeoni, G. I. Smirnov, A. Staude, A. Steinmetz, U. Stiegler, H. Stuhrmann, M. Szleper, K. M. Teichert, F. Tessarotto, D. Thers, W. Tlaczala, S. Trentalange, A. Tripet, I. Tzamouranis, G. Unel, M. Yelasco, J. Yogt, R. Voss, R. Weinstein, C. Whitten, R. Willumeit, R. Windmolders, W. Wislicki, A. Witzmann, N. Zamiatin, A. M. Zanetti, K. Zaremba, J. Zhao

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3 Atıf (Scopus)

Özet

Arrays of limited streamer tubes of the Iarocci type were deployed in our experiment at CERN as part of a forward muon detector system with provisions for the beam to pass through the center of each panel in the array. A total of 16 4 m×4 m panels were assembled with inductive readout strips on both sides of each panel. An active feedback system was deployed to regulate the high voltage to the streamer tubes to insure a constant efficiency for minimum ionizing particles. The arrays were operated in this environment for over five years of data taking. Streamer tube track-reconstruction efficiencies and tube replacement rates are reported.

Orijinal dil	İngilizce
Sayfa (başlangıç-bitiş)	354-374
Sayfa sayısı	21
Dergi	Unknown Journal
Hacim	435
Basın numarası	3
DOI'lar	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00556-2
Yayın durumu	Yayınlandı - 11 Eki 1999

Finansman

We wish to acknowledge the assistance in the design and development of the electronics of S. Elia, M. Grassi, S. Pedretti, W. Sangalli, and G. Scrocci from SGS Thomson's Subsystems, Engineering & R.F. Division in (Colleoni) Agrate, Italy; C. Planzo of SGS Thomson's Geneva office; as well as G. Franchi, M. Givoletti, and F. Vivaldi of CAEN in Viareggio, Italy. We also gratefully acknowledge the loan of some readout boards during our early deployment from S. Cavestro of the University of Paduova and from L. Votano of the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati. We acknowledge the help and assistance of all of the CERN support staff, too numerous to list, who have eased our burdens and provided essential assistance. Among the personnel at CERN, a special thank you must go to Y. Camp, E. (Liz) Cumiskey (now deceased), J-M Demolis, and L. Veronneau. Specific funding support for the ST6/7 detector hardware was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie.

Finansörler	Finansör numarası
U.S. National Science Foundation
U.S. Department of Energy
Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie

Belgeye Erişim

10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00556-2

Diğer Dosyalar ve Linkler

Link to publication in Scopus

Alıntı Yap

Adams, D., Adeva, B., Arik, E., Arvidson, A., Badelek, B., Ballintijn, M. K., Bardin, G., Baum, G., Berglund, P., Betev, L., Bird, I. G., Birsa, R., Björkholm, P., Bonner, B. E., de Botton, N., Boutemeur, M., Bradamante, F., Bravar, A., Bressan, A., ... Zhao, J. (1999). Large streamer chamber muon tracking detector in a high-flux fixed-target application. Unknown Journal, 435(3), 354-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00556-2

@article{baa37d583188421b82f068348e5ba38d,

title = "Large streamer chamber muon tracking detector in a high-flux fixed-target application",

abstract = "Arrays of limited streamer tubes of the Iarocci type were deployed in our experiment at CERN as part of a forward muon detector system with provisions for the beam to pass through the center of each panel in the array. A total of 16 4 m×4 m panels were assembled with inductive readout strips on both sides of each panel. An active feedback system was deployed to regulate the high voltage to the streamer tubes to insure a constant efficiency for minimum ionizing particles. The arrays were operated in this environment for over five years of data taking. Streamer tube track-reconstruction efficiencies and tube replacement rates are reported.",

author = "D. Adams and B. Adeva and E. Arik and A. Arvidson and B. Badelek and Ballintijn, {M. K.} and G. Bardin and G. Baum and P. Berglund and L. Betev and Bird, {I. G.} and R. Birsa and P. Bj{\"o}rkholm and Bonner, {B. E.} and {de Botton}, N. and M. Boutemeur and F. Bradamante and A. Bravar and A. Bressan and S. B{\"u}ltmann and E. Burtin and C. Cavata and D. Crabb and J. Cranshaw and T. {\c C}uhadar and {Dalla Torre}, S. and {van Dantzig}, R. and B. Derro and A. Deshpande and S. Dhawan and C. Dulya and A. Dyring and S. Eichblatt and Faivre, {J. C.} and D. Fasching and F. Feinstein and C. Fernandez and S. Forthmann and B. Frois and A. Gallas and C. Garabatos and Garzon, {J. A.} and T. Gaussiran and H. Gilly and M. Giorgi and {von Goeler}, E. and S. Goertz and Golutvin, {I. A.} and A. Gomez-Tato and G. Gracia and {de Groot}, N. and {Grosse Perdekamp}, M. and E. G{\"u}lmez and K. Haft and {von Harrach}, D. and T. Hasegawa and P. Hautle and N. Hayashi and Heusch, {C. A.} and N. Horikawa and Hughes, {V. W.} and G. Igo and S. Ishimoto and T. Iwata and Kabub, {E. M.} and T. Kageya and A. Karev and Kessler, {H. J.} and Ketel, {T. J.} and J. Kiryluk and Iu Kiryushin and A. Kishi and Yu Kisselev and L. Klostermann and D. Kramer and W. Kr{\"o}ger and K. Kurek and J. Kyyn{\"a}r{\"a}inen and M. Lamanna and U. Landgraf and K. Lah and T. Layda and {Le Goff}, {J. M.} and F. Lehar and {de Lesquen}, A. and J. Lichtenstadt and T. Lindqvist and M. Litmaath and M. Lowe and A. Magnon and Mallot, {G. K.} and F. Marie and A. Martin and J. Martino and T. Matsuda and B. Mayes and McCarthy, {J. S.} and K. Medved and W. Meyer and {van Middelkoop}, G. and D. Miller and Y. Miyachi and K. Mori and J. Moromisato and J. Nassalski and L. Naumann and Niinikoski, {T. O.} and Oberski, {J. E.J.} and A. Ogawa and C. Ozben and Parks, {D. P.} and H. Pereira and A. Penzo and F. Perrot-Kunne and D. Peshekhonov and R. Piegaia and L. Pinsky and S. Platchkov and M. Plo and D. Pose and H. Postma and J. Pretz and T. Pussieux and J. Pyrlik and G. Ra{\"a}del and I. Reyhancan and G. Reicherz and A. Rijllart and Roberts, {J. B.} and S. Rock and M. Rodriguez and E. Rondio and L. Ropelewski and A. Rosado and B. Roscherr and I. Sabo and J. Saborido and A. Sandacz and D. Sanders and I. Savin and P. Schiavon and A. Schiller and Sch{\"u}ler, {K. P.} and R. Segel and R. Seitz and Y. Semertzidis and S. Sergeev and F. Sever and P. Shanahan and Sichtermann, {E. P.} and F. Simeoni and Smirnov, {G. I.} and A. Staude and A. Steinmetz and U. Stiegler and H. Stuhrmann and M. Szleper and Teichert, {K. M.} and F. Tessarotto and D. Thers and W. Tlaczala and S. Trentalange and A. Tripet and I. Tzamouranis and G. Unel and M. Yelasco and J. Yogt and R. Voss and R. Weinstein and C. Whitten and R. Willumeit and R. Windmolders and W. Wislicki and A. Witzmann and N. Zamiatin and Zanetti, {A. M.} and K. Zaremba and J. Zhao",

year = "1999",

month = oct,

day = "11",

doi = "10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00556-2",

language = "English",

volume = "435",

pages = "354--374",

journal = "Unknown Journal",

number = "3",

}

Adams, D, Adeva, B, Arik, E, Arvidson, A, Badelek, B, Ballintijn, MK, Bardin, G, Baum, G, Berglund, P, Betev, L, Bird, IG, Birsa, R, Björkholm, P, Bonner, BE, de Botton, N, Boutemeur, M, Bradamante, F, Bravar, A, Bressan, A, Bültmann, S, Burtin, E, Cavata, C, Crabb, D, Cranshaw, J, Çuhadar, T, Dalla Torre, S, van Dantzig, R, Derro, B, Deshpande, A, Dhawan, S, Dulya, C, Dyring, A, Eichblatt, S, Faivre, JC, Fasching, D, Feinstein, F, Fernandez, C, Forthmann, S, Frois, B, Gallas, A, Garabatos, C, Garzon, JA, Gaussiran, T, Gilly, H, Giorgi, M, von Goeler, E, Goertz, S, Golutvin, IA, Gomez-Tato, A, Gracia, G, de Groot, N, Grosse Perdekamp, M, Gülmez, E, Haft, K, von Harrach, D, Hasegawa, T, Hautle, P, Hayashi, N, Heusch, CA, Horikawa, N, Hughes, VW, Igo, G, Ishimoto, S, Iwata, T, Kabub, EM, Kageya, T, Karev, A, Kessler, HJ, Ketel, TJ, Kiryluk, J, Kiryushin, I, Kishi, A, Kisselev, Y, Klostermann, L, Kramer, D, Kröger, W, Kurek, K, Kyynäräinen, J, Lamanna, M, Landgraf, U, Lah, K, Layda, T, Le Goff, JM, Lehar, F, de Lesquen, A, Lichtenstadt, J, Lindqvist, T, Litmaath, M, Lowe, M, Magnon, A, Mallot, GK, Marie, F, Martin, A, Martino, J, Matsuda, T, Mayes, B, McCarthy, JS, Medved, K, Meyer, W, van Middelkoop, G, Miller, D, Miyachi, Y, Mori, K, Moromisato, J, Nassalski, J, Naumann, L, Niinikoski, TO, Oberski, JEJ, Ogawa, A, Ozben, C, Parks, DP, Pereira, H, Penzo, A, Perrot-Kunne, F, Peshekhonov, D, Piegaia, R, Pinsky, L, Platchkov, S, Plo, M, Pose, D, Postma, H, Pretz, J, Pussieux, T, Pyrlik, J, Raädel, G, Reyhancan, I, Reicherz, G, Rijllart, A, Roberts, JB, Rock, S, Rodriguez, M, Rondio, E, Ropelewski, L, Rosado, A, Roscherr, B, Sabo, I, Saborido, J, Sandacz, A, Sanders, D, Savin, I, Schiavon, P, Schiller, A, Schüler, KP, Segel, R, Seitz, R, Semertzidis, Y, Sergeev, S, Sever, F, Shanahan, P, Sichtermann, EP, Simeoni, F, Smirnov, GI, Staude, A, Steinmetz, A, Stiegler, U, Stuhrmann, H, Szleper, M, Teichert, KM, Tessarotto, F, Thers, D, Tlaczala, W, Trentalange, S, Tripet, A, Tzamouranis, I, Unel, G, Yelasco, M, Yogt, J, Voss, R, Weinstein, R, Whitten, C, Willumeit, R, Windmolders, R, Wislicki, W, Witzmann, A, Zamiatin, N, Zanetti, AM, Zaremba, K & Zhao, J 1999, 'Large streamer chamber muon tracking detector in a high-flux fixed-target application', Unknown Journal, hac. 435, no. 3, pp. 354-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00556-2

TY - JOUR

T1 - Large streamer chamber muon tracking detector in a high-flux fixed-target application

AU - Adams, D.

AU - Adeva, B.

AU - Arik, E.

AU - Arvidson, A.

AU - Badelek, B.

AU - Ballintijn, M. K.

AU - Bardin, G.

AU - Baum, G.

AU - Berglund, P.

AU - Betev, L.

AU - Bird, I. G.

AU - Birsa, R.

AU - Björkholm, P.

AU - Bonner, B. E.

AU - de Botton, N.

AU - Boutemeur, M.

AU - Bradamante, F.

AU - Bravar, A.

AU - Bressan, A.

AU - Bültmann, S.

AU - Burtin, E.

AU - Cavata, C.

AU - Crabb, D.

AU - Cranshaw, J.

AU - Çuhadar, T.

AU - Dalla Torre, S.

AU - van Dantzig, R.

AU - Derro, B.

AU - Deshpande, A.

AU - Dhawan, S.

AU - Dulya, C.

AU - Dyring, A.

AU - Eichblatt, S.

AU - Faivre, J. C.

AU - Fasching, D.

AU - Feinstein, F.

AU - Fernandez, C.

AU - Forthmann, S.

AU - Frois, B.

AU - Gallas, A.

AU - Garabatos, C.

AU - Garzon, J. A.

AU - Gaussiran, T.

AU - Gilly, H.

AU - Giorgi, M.

AU - von Goeler, E.

AU - Goertz, S.

AU - Golutvin, I. A.

AU - Gomez-Tato, A.

AU - Gracia, G.

AU - de Groot, N.

AU - Grosse Perdekamp, M.

AU - Gülmez, E.

AU - Haft, K.

AU - von Harrach, D.

AU - Hasegawa, T.

AU - Hautle, P.

AU - Hayashi, N.

AU - Heusch, C. A.

AU - Horikawa, N.

AU - Hughes, V. W.

AU - Igo, G.

AU - Ishimoto, S.

AU - Iwata, T.

AU - Kabub, E. M.

AU - Kageya, T.

AU - Karev, A.

AU - Kessler, H. J.

AU - Ketel, T. J.

AU - Kiryluk, J.

AU - Kiryushin, Iu

AU - Kishi, A.

AU - Kisselev, Yu

AU - Klostermann, L.

AU - Kramer, D.

AU - Kröger, W.

AU - Kurek, K.

AU - Kyynäräinen, J.

AU - Lamanna, M.

AU - Landgraf, U.

AU - Lah, K.

AU - Layda, T.

AU - Le Goff, J. M.

AU - Lehar, F.

AU - de Lesquen, A.

AU - Lichtenstadt, J.

AU - Lindqvist, T.

AU - Litmaath, M.

AU - Lowe, M.

AU - Magnon, A.

AU - Mallot, G. K.

AU - Marie, F.

AU - Martin, A.

AU - Martino, J.

AU - Matsuda, T.

AU - Mayes, B.

AU - McCarthy, J. S.

AU - Medved, K.

AU - Meyer, W.

AU - van Middelkoop, G.

AU - Miller, D.

AU - Miyachi, Y.

AU - Mori, K.

AU - Moromisato, J.

AU - Nassalski, J.

AU - Naumann, L.

AU - Niinikoski, T. O.

AU - Oberski, J. E.J.

AU - Ogawa, A.

AU - Ozben, C.

AU - Parks, D. P.

AU - Pereira, H.

AU - Penzo, A.

AU - Perrot-Kunne, F.

AU - Peshekhonov, D.

AU - Piegaia, R.

AU - Pinsky, L.

AU - Platchkov, S.

AU - Plo, M.

AU - Pose, D.

AU - Postma, H.

AU - Pretz, J.

AU - Pussieux, T.

AU - Pyrlik, J.

AU - Raädel, G.

AU - Reyhancan, I.

AU - Reicherz, G.

AU - Rijllart, A.

AU - Roberts, J. B.

AU - Rock, S.

AU - Rodriguez, M.

AU - Rondio, E.

AU - Ropelewski, L.

AU - Rosado, A.

AU - Roscherr, B.

AU - Sabo, I.

AU - Saborido, J.

AU - Sandacz, A.

AU - Sanders, D.

AU - Savin, I.

AU - Schiavon, P.

AU - Schiller, A.

AU - Schüler, K. P.

AU - Segel, R.

AU - Seitz, R.

AU - Semertzidis, Y.

AU - Sergeev, S.

AU - Sever, F.

AU - Shanahan, P.

AU - Sichtermann, E. P.

AU - Simeoni, F.

AU - Smirnov, G. I.

AU - Staude, A.

AU - Steinmetz, A.

AU - Stiegler, U.

AU - Stuhrmann, H.

AU - Szleper, M.

AU - Teichert, K. M.

AU - Tessarotto, F.

AU - Thers, D.

AU - Tlaczala, W.

AU - Trentalange, S.

AU - Tripet, A.

AU - Tzamouranis, I.

AU - Unel, G.

AU - Yelasco, M.

AU - Yogt, J.

AU - Voss, R.

AU - Weinstein, R.

AU - Whitten, C.

AU - Willumeit, R.

AU - Windmolders, R.

AU - Wislicki, W.

AU - Witzmann, A.

AU - Zamiatin, N.

AU - Zanetti, A. M.

AU - Zaremba, K.

AU - Zhao, J.

PY - 1999/10/11

Y1 - 1999/10/11

N2 - Arrays of limited streamer tubes of the Iarocci type were deployed in our experiment at CERN as part of a forward muon detector system with provisions for the beam to pass through the center of each panel in the array. A total of 16 4 m×4 m panels were assembled with inductive readout strips on both sides of each panel. An active feedback system was deployed to regulate the high voltage to the streamer tubes to insure a constant efficiency for minimum ionizing particles. The arrays were operated in this environment for over five years of data taking. Streamer tube track-reconstruction efficiencies and tube replacement rates are reported.

AB - Arrays of limited streamer tubes of the Iarocci type were deployed in our experiment at CERN as part of a forward muon detector system with provisions for the beam to pass through the center of each panel in the array. A total of 16 4 m×4 m panels were assembled with inductive readout strips on both sides of each panel. An active feedback system was deployed to regulate the high voltage to the streamer tubes to insure a constant efficiency for minimum ionizing particles. The arrays were operated in this environment for over five years of data taking. Streamer tube track-reconstruction efficiencies and tube replacement rates are reported.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0033308883&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00556-2

DO - 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)00556-2

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:0033308883

VL - 435

SP - 354

EP - 374

JO - Unknown Journal

JF - Unknown Journal

IS - 3

ER -

Large streamer chamber muon tracking detector in a high-flux fixed-target application

Özet

Finansman

Belgeye Erişim

Diğer Dosyalar ve Linkler

Parmak izi

Alıntı Yap