Geochemical characterization of clay deposits in the Amuq Valley (Southern Turkey) and the implications for archaeometric study of ancient ceramics

Clay-rich deposits of the Amuq Valley (Southern Turkey) were investigated using chemical methods to explore compositional characteristics of the clays within the valley and for distinguish chemical groups that can be used as reference materials in archaeometric studies of the ancient ceramic materials in this region. A total of 63 clay samples were collected from different spots throughout the valley and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques. Analytical results demonstrated that the clay-rich basin deposits show compositional variation both in stratigraphic and spatial levels. Parent rocks exposed within the catchment area of the basin deposit (transported to the basin through the main drainage systems of the Orontes, Afrin, and Karasu Rivers), seems to be one of the major factors affecting the compositional characteristics of the basin deposits. Four different geochemical reference groups were identified: the Orontes clay group, Afrin clay group, Karasu clay group and Kırıkhan clay group. Established reference groups provide opportunities for a better understanding of the local ceramic production and the exchange pattern within the valley and between the adjacent regions.