Electrochemical amperometric biosensor applications of nanostructured metal oxides: A review

Biological sensors have been extensively investigated during the last few decades. Among the diverse facets of biosensing research, nanostructured metal oxides (NMOs) offer a plethora of potential benefits. In this article, we provide a thorough review on the sensor applications of NMOs such as glucose, cholesterol, urea, and uric acid. A detailed analysis of the literature is presented with organized tables elaborating the fundamental characteristics of sensors including the sensitivity, limit of detection, detection range, and stability parameters such as duration, relative standard deviation, and retention. Further analysis was provided through an innovative way of displaying the sensitivity and linear range of sensors in figures. As the unique properties of NMOs offer potential applications to various research fields, we believe this review is both timely and provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of NMO applications.