Effect of dopant elements on structure and morphology of SnO₂ nanoparticles

Pure SnO₂ and doped SnO₂ nanoparticles with 2 wt.% ruthenium, 2 wt.% vanadium, and 2 wt.% antimony were synthesized via sol–gel and coprecipitation methods. The obtained doped and undoped dried powders after calcination treatment at different temperatures (973–1223 K) were studied. The structural and morphological characterization of the prepared samples was performed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential thermal/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) and particle size distribution analysis. The effect of structural and morphological properties of the highly additive doped elements nanocrystalline SnO₂ powders was discussed. The resulting particles were crystalline oxide particles in the nanometric range (8–31 nm). It was found that the amount of additive played important roles in the particle size effect of nanocrystalline SnO_2. Particle size distribution of antimony-doped SnO₂ are finer and narrower, and that of vanadium-doped, ruthenium-doped, and undoped SnO₂ nanocrystallines are comparatively larger and broader in size distribution.