Direct filtration of procion dye bath wastewaters by nanofiltration membranes: Flux and removal characteristics

The treatment and reuse of industrial wastewaters by membrane processes has become more ttractive in the last few years due to constraints on water usage. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct filtration of reactive dye house wastewaters by nanofiltration membranes based on permeate flux, and sodium chloride and colour removal. Experiments were performed using both synthetic and industrial dye bath wastewaters with the fluxes of the industrial dye bath wastewaters lower than those of the synthetic solutions. The effects of operating conditions such as pressure and pH were assessed. Studies with DS5 DK type (polysulfone-polyamide) membranes showed that nanofiltration membranes are suitable for direct treatment of wastewaters and the permeate quality was appropriate for reuse in the dyeing process. Pre-treatment and neutralisation were important for recovery of large amounts of salt and water from the permeate stream. Neutralisation of the solution with HCl rather than H₂SO₄ gave a better permeate from the point of view of the reuse. The highest permeate flux and colour removal and the lowest salt removal were achieved with the HCl neutralisation.