Demolition waste characterization from post-earthquake controlled demolitions in Türkiye: A field-based study

Determining the composition of demolition debris is crucial for effective waste management and post-disaster recovery planning. This study had two main objectives: (i) the characterization of demolition waste (DW) originating from post-earthquake controlled demolitions (as opposed to collapsed buildings), and (ii) the investigation of how building age and seismic codes influence on debris composition. A field investigation was conducted in Malatya, one of the provinces affected by the 6 February 2023 earthquakes in Türkiye, to evaluate the valorization potential of DW. Debris from nine controlled demolitions representing buildings constructed before 2000, between 2000 and 2011, and between 2011 and 2018 was collected and characterized. Additionally, three truckloads of mixed piles were sampled from the temporary storage area. In total, 490 tonnes of material were analysed by mass percentage. The results show that mineral fractions consistently dominate (≈94–97% by mass), whereas iron exhibits the highest variability depending on construction period (1.69–3.48%). Other fractions such as wood, textiles, plastics, paper and cardboard, metals and electronics, and bulky items collectively account for less than 5% of total mass. This systematic field study provides an essential baseline for understanding DW composition in post-earthquake controlled demolition contexts and supports future research on the valorization and sustainable management of construction debris in Türkiye and other earthquake-prone regions in the world.