TY - JOUR
T1 - Comprehensive characterization of secondary sources originating from Turkey in terms of rare earth elements and scandium
AU - Yuksekdag, Ayse
AU - Kose-Mutlu, Borte
AU - Kaya, Beril
AU - Kumral, Mustafa
AU - Wiesner, Mark R.
AU - Koyuncu, Ismail
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2021/7/10
Y1 - 2021/7/10
N2 - REEs are essential materials for modern technology due to their unmatched physical and chemical properties. This paper reviews the potential and types of rare earth elements (REE) in 32 different secondary sources that contain water, wastewater, and slime/solid wastes originating from Turkey. Secondary sources were classified into five different categories as mining wastes (M), combustion residuals (C), sediments and sludges (S), e-waste (E), and wastewater (WW). After pre-processing and acidic digestion of solid samples, elemental concentrations of wastewaters and acidic leachates were measured. The highest total REE (REEtotal) concentration was obtained in a combustion residue sample coded as C5 with 379 mg/kg. Besides, the highest critical REE (REEcritical) content was found in an e-waste sample including 346 mg/kg total REE and 76% critical REE. In addition, boron mine wastewater (W5) with a total REE concentration of 110 μg/L was evaluated as a significant important secondary source in terms of yttrium. The association, between scandium and total REE concentrations of category M and S, was evaluated and correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.69, respectively were calculated. E-waste and thermal power plant (TPP) ashes were evaluated as the secondary sources with the highest REE potential among the whole type of waste/wastewater.
AB - REEs are essential materials for modern technology due to their unmatched physical and chemical properties. This paper reviews the potential and types of rare earth elements (REE) in 32 different secondary sources that contain water, wastewater, and slime/solid wastes originating from Turkey. Secondary sources were classified into five different categories as mining wastes (M), combustion residuals (C), sediments and sludges (S), e-waste (E), and wastewater (WW). After pre-processing and acidic digestion of solid samples, elemental concentrations of wastewaters and acidic leachates were measured. The highest total REE (REEtotal) concentration was obtained in a combustion residue sample coded as C5 with 379 mg/kg. Besides, the highest critical REE (REEcritical) content was found in an e-waste sample including 346 mg/kg total REE and 76% critical REE. In addition, boron mine wastewater (W5) with a total REE concentration of 110 μg/L was evaluated as a significant important secondary source in terms of yttrium. The association, between scandium and total REE concentrations of category M and S, was evaluated and correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.69, respectively were calculated. E-waste and thermal power plant (TPP) ashes were evaluated as the secondary sources with the highest REE potential among the whole type of waste/wastewater.
KW - E-waste
KW - Fly ash
KW - Rare earth elements (REEs)
KW - Scandium
KW - Secondary sources
KW - Waste characterization
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85102481615&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146033
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146033
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85102481615
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 777
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
M1 - 146033
ER -
