Comparison of oxygen reduction reaction on Pt/C, Pt-Sn/C, Pt-Ni/C, and Pt-Sn-Ni/C catalysts prepared by Bönnemann method: A rotating ring disk electrode study

The kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on carbon supported Pt, Pt-Sn, Pt-Ni, and Pt-Sn-Ni catalysts, prepared by Bönnemann method, is investigated by using rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements in 0.1 M HClO₄ solution. Physical characterization of the catalysts is performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurement has been used to estimate the electrochemical active surface (EAS) area of the catalyst. The enhancement in the ORR activity of the Pt/C observed in the presence of either Sn or Ni, leading to more than 99% of water formation. However, Pt-Sn/C catalyst shows a higher ORR performance as compared to the Pt-Ni/C and Pt-Sn-Ni/C catalysts. This can be explained by the presence of optimal amount of Sn oxides as an unalloyed state in Pt-Sn/C, which plays a beneficial role for both adsorption oxygen and water. On the other hand, it is found that the alloying Pt with Ni seems to be less favourable for the ORR performance.