Black Hole Prediction in Backbone Networks: A Comprehensive and Type-Independent Forecasting Model

Network backbone black holes(BH) pose significant challenges in the Internet by causing disruptions and data loss as routers silently drop packets without notification. These silent BH failures, stemming from issues like hardware malfunctions or misconfigurations, uniquely affect point-to-point packet flows without disrupting the entire network. Unlike cyber attacks and network intrusions, BHs are often untraceable, making early detection vital and challenging. This study addresses the need for an effective forecasting solution for BH occurrences, especially in environments with unlabeled traffic data where traditional anomaly detection methods fall short. The Type-Independent Black Hole Forecasting Model is introduced to predict BH occurrences with high precision across various anomalies, including contextual and collective anomaly types. The three-stage methodology processes unlabeled time-series network data, where the data is not pre-labeled as anomaly or normal, using machine learning and deep learning techniques to identify and forecast potential BH occurrences. The ‘Point BH Identification and Segregation’ stage segregates point BH traffic using Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise(DBSCAN), followed by Reintegration and Time Series Smoothing. The final stage, Advanced Contextual and Collective BH Detection, leverages Convolutional AutoEncoder(Conv-AE) with window sliding for advanced anomaly detection. Evaluation using a dual-dataset approach, including real backbone network traffic and a time-series adapted public dataset, demonstrates the adaptability of the model to real backbone BH detection systems. Experimental results show superior performance compared to state-of-the-art unsupervised anomaly forecasting models, with a 98% detection rate and 90% F-1 score, outperforming models like MultiHeadSelfAttention, which is the main building block of Transformers.