A review on rutin-loaded nanocarriers: Fundamentals, bioavailability, application in functional foods, and challenges

Rutin, a hydrophobic flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, has potential health benefits. However, its therapeutic use is limited due to poor bioavailability and stability. Recent advancements in nanodelivery systems (nanocarriers; NCs) offer promising solutions to these limitations. This study provides a detailed overview of the current research on NCs for rutin, including their types, preparation methods, incorporation into functional foods, and potential applications in various disease conditions. Specifically, several NCs such as nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, polymeric NCs, lipid-based NCs, and nanocomplexes have shown promise in enhancing rutin's bioavailability, enabling targeted delivery, and facilitating controlled release. For instance, nanoemulsions and nanoliposomes have been effective in improving the solubility and absorption of rutin, thereby enhancing its bioavailability. Polymeric and lipid-based NCs have demonstrated potential in enabling targeted delivery and controlled release of rutin, which could be beneficial in treating specific disease conditions. Moreover, the fortification of functional foods with rutin is gaining significant interest. NCs present a valuable opportunity to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of rutin in these products. Despite these advancements, challenges remain. These include regulatory hurdles, safety and toxicity concerns, and stability issues. Addressing these challenges is crucial for the successful application of these NCs in delivering rutin effectively. Future research directions should focus on overcoming these obstacles to advance the field of nanomedicine. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of NCs research for rutin and to guide future investigations in this promising field.