A review of boron removal from aqueous solution using carbon-based materials: An assessment of health risks

Carbon-based compounds have gained attention of researchers for use in boron removal due to their properties, which make them a viable and low cost adsorbent with a high availability, as well as environmental friendliness and high removal efficiency. The removal of boron utilizing carbon-based materials, including activated carbon (AC), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), is extensively reviewed in this paper. The effects of the operating conditions, kinetics, isotherm models, and removal methods are also elaborated. The impact of the modification of the lifetime of carbon-based materials has also been explored. Compared to unmodified carbon-based materials, modified materials have a significantly higher boron adsorption capability. It has been observed that adding various elements to carbon-based materials improves their surface area, functional groups, and pore volume. Tartaric acid, one of these doped elements, has been employed to successfully improve the boron removal and adsorption capabilities of materials. An assessment of the health risk posed to humans by boron in treated water utilizing carbon-based materials was performed to better understand the performance of materials in real-world applications. Furthermore, the boron removal effectiveness of carbon-based materials was evaluated, as well as any shortcomings, future perspectives, and gaps in the literature.