Year-round Vehicle-to-Grid Enabled Frequency Regulation Potential of Electric Bus Public Transport Fleets During Overnight Charging

Frequency regulation is one of the most promising Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) services that can be provided by electric vehicles, due to short durations requiring minor depth of discharge, and considerable revenues that can be earned per event. In addition to stationary batteries and passenger EVs, electric buses of public transport fleets could be very suitable with their expanding market share, large energy storage, charging/discharging power and scheduled idle periods overnight at depot. This study focuses on frequency regulation service provision potential of electric bus public transport fleets during their overnight charging and idle parking times at depots. A year-round analysis is conducted with the 2024 system frequency data of National System Energy Operator (NESO) of UK, revealing overnight frequency regulation event needs and fleet availabilities, considering commonly preferred electric bus technical specifications, typical route characteristics and V2G-enabled charger capabilities.