Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of wave-induced liquefaction in silt and seashell mixtures. Three kinds of sediments were used in the experiments: silt (d50=0.070 mm), coarse seashell (d50=2.87 mm), and fine seashell (d50=1.46 mm). With these sediments, three kinds of tests were carried out: silt-alone tests (the reference tests), tests with silt and coarse-seashell mixture, and tests with silt and fine-seashell mixture. The experiments showed that the influence of seashell content on wave-induced liquefaction is very significant. The susceptibility of silt to liquefaction is decreased with increasing seashell content. This is up to a certain point beyond which the mixture of silt and seashell becomes liquefaction resistant. For the seashells used in the experiments, this limiting value was found to be approximately SC≈30%, where SC is the shell content by weight. It is argued that this behavior is linked with the elastic modulus of the mixture. The present findings showed that the liquefaction criterion based on the initial mean normal effective stress in pure silt/sand can be extended to silt and seashell mixtures. A chart is proposed for an initial screening check of liquefaction potential. Furthermore, it is recommended that, if there is a liquefaction potential, standard assessment methodology may be implemented to check for liquefaction, provided that the elastic modulus and other properties of the soil and seashell mixture are incorporated into this assessment.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 104215 |
Journal | Coastal Engineering |
Volume | 178 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Dec 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2022 Elsevier B.V.
Funding
TS acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 51909076) , the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities ( B200201064 ), the Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal Disaster and Protection, Hohai University ( 202003 ), the China International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program ( 20170014 ). Likewise, BMS acknowledges Hohai University grant through the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project . VSOK and BMS would like to acknowledge the three-year (2020–2023) research program NuLIMAS: Numerical Modelling of Wave-Induced Liquefaction Around Marine Structures, funded through the ERA-NET co-fund MarTERA Program (Grant No. 728053 ) under EU Horizon 2020 Framework. For the NuLIMAS program, funding is also received from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Grant No. 03SX524A ); the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Grant No. TEYDEB- 1509/9190068 ); and the Polish National Center for Research and Development . They also acknowledge ITU ARI TEKNOKENT for their ongoing support under the ITU ARI TEKNOKENT R & D activities. DRF acknowledges financial support from the Independent Research Fund Denmark (project SWASH: Simulating WAve Surfzone Hydrodynamics and sea bed morphology, Grant No. 8022-00137 B ). Finally, we thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
Funders | Funder number |
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China International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program | 728053, 20170014 |
EU Horizon 2020 Framework | |
Ministry of Education for Coastal Disaster and Protection | |
National Natural Science Foundation of China | 51909076 |
Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu | TEYDEB- 1509/9190068 |
Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju | |
Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie | 03SX524A |
Hohai University | 202003 |
Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond | 8022-00137 B |
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities | B200201064 |
Keywords
- Liquefaction
- Mixture
- Seashell
- Sediment
- Soil
- Waves