Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of a historical single-domed mosque through appropriate IMs: a case study from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake

This study presents a fragility and seismic risk assessment framework for a historical single domed masonry building damaged during the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. The Adıyaman Ulu Mosque was selected as the case study and analyzed using laboratory material tests, an ambient vibration test and a calibrated, three-dimensional, finite element model. Cloud analyses were conducted using representative near fault and far field ground motion records. Probabilistic seismic demand models were established for thirty-five candidate intensity measures by considering the maximum drift ratio as the engineering demand parameter. The selection of optimal intensity measures was evaluated using correlation, efficiency, practicality, proficiency, and sufficiency criteria. The results indicate that structure-based spectral acceleration and earthquake-based acceleration spectrum intensity are the most effective predictors of seismic demand for this structural typology. Fragility functions were established for multiple damage states, and expected loss ratios were computed for the main structural components. The main walls exhibited the highest vulnerability, whereas the dome showed comparatively lower damage probabilities. The strong agreement between analytical predictions and observed post-earthquake damage supports the reliability of the proposed framework. The presented methodology and identified intensity measures provide a rational basis for seismic fragility and risk assessment of similar historical masonry mosques located in different seismic regions.