TY - GEN
T1 - Review of charging power levels and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles
AU - Yilmaz, Murat
AU - Krein, Philip T.
PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - This paper reviews the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrids. Battery performance depends both on types and design of the batteries, and on charger characteristics and charging infrastructure. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid. Typical onboard chargers restrict the power because of weight, space and cost constraints. They can be integrated with the electric drive for avoiding these problems. The availability of a charging infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs. On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive. While conductive chargers use direct contact, inductive chargers transfer power magnetically. An off-board charger can be designed for high charging rates and is less constrained by size and weight. Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and Level 3 (fast) power levels are discussed. These system configurations vary from country to country depending on the source and plug capacity standards. Various power level chargers and infrastructure configurations are presented, compared, and evaluated based on amount of power, charging time and location, cost, equipment, effect on the grid, and other factors.
AB - This paper reviews the current status and implementation of battery chargers, charging power levels and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and hybrids. Battery performance depends both on types and design of the batteries, and on charger characteristics and charging infrastructure. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional or bidirectional power flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid. Typical onboard chargers restrict the power because of weight, space and cost constraints. They can be integrated with the electric drive for avoiding these problems. The availability of a charging infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs. On-board charger systems can be conductive or inductive. While conductive chargers use direct contact, inductive chargers transfer power magnetically. An off-board charger can be designed for high charging rates and is less constrained by size and weight. Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and Level 3 (fast) power levels are discussed. These system configurations vary from country to country depending on the source and plug capacity standards. Various power level chargers and infrastructure configurations are presented, compared, and evaluated based on amount of power, charging time and location, cost, equipment, effect on the grid, and other factors.
KW - charging infrastructure
KW - conductive and inductive charging
KW - integrated chargers
KW - Level 1, 2 and 3 chargers
KW - plug-in electric vehicles
KW - unidirectional/bidirectional chargers
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84860822500&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1109/IEVC.2012.6183208
DO - 10.1109/IEVC.2012.6183208
M3 - Conference contribution
AN - SCOPUS:84860822500
SN - 9781467315623
T3 - 2012 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference, IEVC 2012
BT - 2012 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference, IEVC 2012
T2 - 2012 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference, IEVC 2012
Y2 - 4 March 2012 through 8 March 2012
ER -
