Representing the Spatial Plans as 3D Standardized Geodatasets: Demonstrations From Sweden and Türkiye

Planning practices that are crucial for ensuring the sustainability of countries evolve into approaches that significantly benefit from digital data, especially geodatasets, with the advancement of information and communication technologies (ICT). In addition, the complexity of the built environment brings about the transformation of land administration practices in a way to manage three-dimensional (3D) modeling of cadastral rights, restrictions, and responsibilities (RRR) for both above and below the land surface. Given the land development phenomenon in relation to this, there is a growing interest in utilizing the 3D models within spatial planning to improve the efficiency and transparency of the planning processes. In this sense, this paper presents a methodology on how the 3D interoperable geodatasets that depict the land use plans can be created through defined conceptual models. The results show that the conceptual models can be formed based on the regulated land use specifications of different countries to create corresponding CityJSON extensions, and hence, 3D interoperable geodatasets representing the land use plans can be generated by validating them against these extensions. The visualization of these datasets is also presented by means of a Cesium-based prototype. By demonstrating the methodology within two countries, namely Sweden and Türkiye, this study contributes to the digital exchange of 3D standardized land use plans for digital transformation initiatives, as well as further applications such as digital building permits.