Recycling of alkaline batteries via a carbothermal reduction process

Selçuk Yeşiltepe; Mehmet Buğdaycı; Onuralp Yücel; Mustafa Kelami Şeşen

doi:10.3390/batteries5010035

Recycling of alkaline batteries via a carbothermal reduction process

Selçuk Yeşiltepe^*, Mehmet Buğdaycı, Onuralp Yücel, Mustafa Kelami Şeşen

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

22 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Primary battery recycling has important environmental and economic benefits. According to battery sales worldwide, the most used battery type is alkaline batteries with 75% of market share due to having a higher performance than other primary batteries such as Zn–MnO₂. In this study, carbothermal reduction for zinc oxide from battery waste was completed for both vacuum and Ar atmospheres. Thermodynamic data are evaluated for vacuum and Ar atmosphere reduction reactions and results for Zn reduction/evaporation are compared via the FactSage program. Zn vapor and manganese oxide were obtained as products. Zn vapor was re-oxidized in end products; manganese monoxide and steel container of batteries are evaluated as ferromanganese raw material. Effects of carbon source, vacuum, temperature and time were studied. The results show a recovery of 95.1% Zn by implementing a product at 1150^◦C for 1 h without using the vacuum. The residues were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods.

Original language	English
Article number	35
Journal	Batteries
Volume	5
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010035
Publication status	Published - Mar 2019

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords

Alkaline battery
Battery recycling
Carbothermal process

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.3390/batteries5010035

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title = "Recycling of alkaline batteries via a carbothermal reduction process",

abstract = "Primary battery recycling has important environmental and economic benefits. According to battery sales worldwide, the most used battery type is alkaline batteries with 75% of market share due to having a higher performance than other primary batteries such as Zn–MnO2. In this study, carbothermal reduction for zinc oxide from battery waste was completed for both vacuum and Ar atmospheres. Thermodynamic data are evaluated for vacuum and Ar atmosphere reduction reactions and results for Zn reduction/evaporation are compared via the FactSage program. Zn vapor and manganese oxide were obtained as products. Zn vapor was re-oxidized in end products; manganese monoxide and steel container of batteries are evaluated as ferromanganese raw material. Effects of carbon source, vacuum, temperature and time were studied. The results show a recovery of 95.1% Zn by implementing a product at 1150◦C for 1 h without using the vacuum. The residues were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods.",

keywords = "Alkaline battery, Battery recycling, Carbothermal process",

author = "Sel{\c c}uk Ye{\c s}iltepe and Mehmet Buğdaycı and Onuralp Y{\"u}cel and {\c S}e{\c s}en, {Mustafa Kelami}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",

year = "2019",

month = mar,

doi = "10.3390/batteries5010035",

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T1 - Recycling of alkaline batteries via a carbothermal reduction process

AU - Yeşiltepe, Selçuk

AU - Buğdaycı, Mehmet

AU - Yücel, Onuralp

AU - Şeşen, Mustafa Kelami

PY - 2019/3

Y1 - 2019/3

N2 - Primary battery recycling has important environmental and economic benefits. According to battery sales worldwide, the most used battery type is alkaline batteries with 75% of market share due to having a higher performance than other primary batteries such as Zn–MnO2. In this study, carbothermal reduction for zinc oxide from battery waste was completed for both vacuum and Ar atmospheres. Thermodynamic data are evaluated for vacuum and Ar atmosphere reduction reactions and results for Zn reduction/evaporation are compared via the FactSage program. Zn vapor and manganese oxide were obtained as products. Zn vapor was re-oxidized in end products; manganese monoxide and steel container of batteries are evaluated as ferromanganese raw material. Effects of carbon source, vacuum, temperature and time were studied. The results show a recovery of 95.1% Zn by implementing a product at 1150◦C for 1 h without using the vacuum. The residues were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods.

AB - Primary battery recycling has important environmental and economic benefits. According to battery sales worldwide, the most used battery type is alkaline batteries with 75% of market share due to having a higher performance than other primary batteries such as Zn–MnO2. In this study, carbothermal reduction for zinc oxide from battery waste was completed for both vacuum and Ar atmospheres. Thermodynamic data are evaluated for vacuum and Ar atmosphere reduction reactions and results for Zn reduction/evaporation are compared via the FactSage program. Zn vapor and manganese oxide were obtained as products. Zn vapor was re-oxidized in end products; manganese monoxide and steel container of batteries are evaluated as ferromanganese raw material. Effects of carbon source, vacuum, temperature and time were studied. The results show a recovery of 95.1% Zn by implementing a product at 1150◦C for 1 h without using the vacuum. The residues were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods.

KW - Alkaline battery

KW - Battery recycling

KW - Carbothermal process

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DO - 10.3390/batteries5010035

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ER -

Recycling of alkaline batteries via a carbothermal reduction process

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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