Pharmacological properties of natural terpenes and terpenoids

Terpenes and terpenoids are natural compounds found in various natural sources such as plants, marine organisms, and some microorganisms that have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. They are synthesized mainly through the mevalonate or methylerythritol-phosphate pathways. Additionally, microorganisms like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli can be engineered to produce terpenes for use in the food industry. The health benefits of terpenes depend on their bioaccessibility (availability for absorption in the digestive system) and bioavailability (the extent to which they are absorbed and utilized in the body). Strategies like encapsulation are used to improve their absorption. Terpenes also demonstrate various therapeutic effects, including anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. For example, compounds like hinokitiol, myrcene, and linalool can induce cell death in cancer cells and may help mitigate neurotoxicity associated with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Overall, terpenes exhibit a wide range of bioactive effects, making them promising candidates for therapeutic potential for various diseases.