Lagged and Temperature-Dependent Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on COPD Hospitalizations in Istanbul

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is strongly associated with the inhalation of harmful particulate matter in ambient air. This study examined 786,290 COPD-related hospital admissions among patients aged 45–64 in Istanbul from 2013 to 2015, using a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with meteorological variables included as covariates and air pollutant effects evaluated across lag days 0–9. Daily mean concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and NO₂ were used as air pollution indicators, while average temperature and relative humidity were considered as meteorological variables. Relative risk (RR) and excess relative risk (ERR) estimates were calculated for a 10 μg/m³ increase in pollutant concentrations across the lag period. Significant associations were found between air pollution and COPD-related hospital admissions in overall analyses as well as seasonal assessments, especially for temperature-related effects. A 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 was associated with an ERR of 1.26% in females and 1.07% in males at lag 1, while NO₂ exposure showed ERRs of 1.31% in males and 1.30% in females. The effects of PM₁₀ were comparatively smaller, peaking at about 1.13% ERR at lag 5. Stronger associations were observed in both summer and winter seasons. PM_2.5 demonstrated the highest overall impact, particularly among females, with an excess risk of 1.7%. Pollutant effects were more pronounced at ambient temperatures around 0 °C and 25 °C.