Frontiers in conventional and nanomaterials based electrochemical sensing and biosensing approaches for Ochratoxin A analysis in foodstuffs: A review

Highly sensitive and rapid methods for the Ochratoxin A (OTA) detection as a main class of Ochratoxins (OT) in various food samples is significant. In the present review, novel OTA detection techniques based on electrochemical and conventional methods have been extensively explained, and also compared with each other in food samples. We classified the various electrochemical based techniques of OTA determination creatively into Impedimetric, Voltammetric, Amperometric and Electrochemiluminescence assays and their efficient comparison with conventional, and clinical methods including Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (LC/MS), and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has been performed comprehensively. Moreover, structure, characteristics, and different types of OT and OTA are explained as extensively as possible. A summary of the current limitations and future challenges in OTA analysis are described, which efficiently provide a pathway for further developments and applications.