Enhancing the Performance of PVC Ultrafiltration Membranes Using Biotite and Biotene: Antifouling Properties and Separation Efficiency in Removal of Organic Pollutants

Water scarcity is an escalating global issue due to population growth, climate change, and increasing demand for clean water. Membrane technologies, particularly ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, have gained significant attention for water purification owing to their high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and energy-saving properties. However, membrane fouling and reaching high water flux and high removal efficiencies remain a critical challenge, affecting operational performance and longevity. In this study, we investigated the influence of biotite and biotene, natural clay-based nanomaterials, on the performance of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) UF membranes. Various concentrations of biotite (1 wt%) and biotene (0.1–2 wt%) were incorporated into PVC membranes via phase inversion technique. The fabricated membranes were characterized using SEM, FTIR, and zeta potential analysis. Performance evaluations, including permeability, antifouling properties, and organic pollutant removal efficiency, were conducted using bovine serum albumin, Reactive Red 120, and Reactive Black 5. Results demonstrated that the incorporation of 1 wt% biotene significantly enhanced membrane permeability, hydrophilicity, and antifouling properties while maintaining high pollutant rejection rates. Long-term stability tests further confirmed the potential of biotene-modified PVC membranes for water and wastewater treatment applications. This study presents a novel approach to improving PVC UF membrane performance using naturally abundant and cost-effective nanomaterials.