Emerging contaminants and membrane filtration: addressing new challenges

Various classes of emerging contaminants (ECs) in water sources are an increasingconcern for human health and the environment because of their potential risks. Most of the trace-level ECs, including, but not limited to pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial chemicals, are challenging to detect and, consequently, difficult to remove. This chapter contributes to reviewing the importance of studying and addressing ECs by their types, sources, and various techniques used for their detection in water and wastewater. Membrane filtration technology, being among the most promising solutions for ECs removal, is discussed in case studies and applications at both pilot and full-scale operations. Further, the advantages and limitations of this technology are assessed. The chapter also points out future directions for improvingthe efficiency of membrane technologies, considering advances in detection methods, hybrid treatment systems, and emerging trends in advanced membrane materials. Addressing these challenges will allow membrane technologies to play an even more important role in protecting water quality and public health from ECs.