Emergence, formation and outcomes of flexibility in Turkish planning practice

We examine three key issues related to flexibility in planning: the first is to understand how flexibility in planning emerges and to define its content; the second relates to how flexibility is formed in planning practices; and the third is to examine the outcomes of flexibility in planning practices. While focusing on the production of large-scale housing projects in Turkey, we examine the emergence of flexibility in planning in Turkey, the extent of this flexibility, how flexibility in Turkey is defined in its planning practices and the outcomes of such planning practices. We base our examination on two projects in Istanbul, one in a newly developing area and the other in an urban renewal area. Some lessons from our research will be relevant to other developing countries that have similar dynamics.