Digital twin technology in AI-operated metaverse for food processing: A pathway to sustainability, efficiency and innovation

This review presents recent developments in digital twin (DT) technology for food processing, emphasizing its integration with artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and immersive VR/AR environments. DTs leverage 3D modeling and physics-based simulations to create dynamic virtual representations of food processes, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and virtual prototyping. Applications in fermentation, pasteurisation, cooking, and cold chain logistics demonstrate notable improvements in efficiency, sustainability, and product quality. Key challenges include data standardization, cybersecurity, and ethical AI considerations, while emerging approaches such as edge computing and blockchain-enhanced security offer promising solutions. The review also highlights the transition toward cognitive twin ecosystems in Industry 5.0-enabled agri-food systems, supporting cross-disciplinary collaboration and innovation. By synthesizing current research and identifying gaps, this study provides guidance for implementing DTs to enhance resilience, traceability, and digital transformation in modern food processing.