# Design and Fabrication of a Novel Leaf-Shaped Hexa-Band Monopole Antenna for UWB High-Speed Communication Applications

Mohammed Ayad Alkhafaji; Muhammet Tahir Guneser

doi:10.22967/HCIS.2026.16.012

# Design and Fabrication of a Novel Leaf-Shaped Hexa-Band Monopole Antenna for UWB High-Speed Communication Applications

Mohammed Ayad Alkhafaji^*
, Muhammet Tahir Guneser

^*Corresponding author for this work

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Karabuk University
National University of Science and Technology - Iraq

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

In this study, we investigated, designed, and fabricated a bio-inspired modified leaf-shaped hexa-band monopole antenna that mimics the structure of an Inga marginata Willd leaf and which is optimized for use across a broad frequency band. The antenna achieves ultra-wide bandwidth by using truncated ground plane technology that entails an imperfect ground plane with a tiny square notch. The iterative procedure focuses on slot position and patch geometry for enhanced gain. The antenna was fabricated on an FR4 substrate with dimensions of 33.6 cm × 12 cm, having a dielectric constant of 4.3 with low loss tangent valued at 0.02. The design aimed to achieve optimal performance across a wide frequency band: 0.9 GHz (GSM), 1.8 GHz (LTE), 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi/Bluetooth), 3.5 GHz (5G), 5.8 GHz (Wi-Fi), and 6 GHz (Wi-Fi 6E/5G NR). The results indicate a fractional bandwidth of 115.43% for the frequency band >0.85-6GHz with 10 dB of return loss and 8 GHz of bandwidth. Consequently, with maximum gain of 6.7 dB and radiation pattern that remains constant across all bands, this antenna offers an impressive radiation efficiency of 98.2%. We obtained the antenna results using the simulation tool CST 2024. This study presented the comparisons between the simulation and validation findings of the fabricated model and those from prior and recent studies.

Original language	English
Article number	12
Journal	Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences
Volume	16
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.22967/HCIS.2026.16.012
Publication status	Published - 2026

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Keywords

Antenna Radiation Pattern ARP
Bio-inspired Design
Computer Simulation Technology CST
Internet of Things IoT
Ultra-Wideband UWB

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10.22967/HCIS.2026.16.012

Cite this

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title = "\# Design and Fabrication of a Novel Leaf-Shaped Hexa-Band Monopole Antenna for UWB High-Speed Communication Applications",

abstract = "In this study, we investigated, designed, and fabricated a bio-inspired modified leaf-shaped hexa-band monopole antenna that mimics the structure of an Inga marginata Willd leaf and which is optimized for use across a broad frequency band. The antenna achieves ultra-wide bandwidth by using truncated ground plane technology that entails an imperfect ground plane with a tiny square notch. The iterative procedure focuses on slot position and patch geometry for enhanced gain. The antenna was fabricated on an FR4 substrate with dimensions of 33.6 cm × 12 cm, having a dielectric constant of 4.3 with low loss tangent valued at 0.02. The design aimed to achieve optimal performance across a wide frequency band: 0.9 GHz (GSM), 1.8 GHz (LTE), 2.4 GHz (Wi-Fi/Bluetooth), 3.5 GHz (5G), 5.8 GHz (Wi-Fi), and 6 GHz (Wi-Fi 6E/5G NR). The results indicate a fractional bandwidth of 115.43\% for the frequency band >0.85-6GHz with 10 dB of return loss and 8 GHz of bandwidth. Consequently, with maximum gain of 6.7 dB and radiation pattern that remains constant across all bands, this antenna offers an impressive radiation efficiency of 98.2\%. We obtained the antenna results using the simulation tool CST 2024. This study presented the comparisons between the simulation and validation findings of the fabricated model and those from prior and recent studies.",

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N1 - Publisher Copyright: © This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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# Design and Fabrication of a Novel Leaf-Shaped Hexa-Band Monopole Antenna for UWB High-Speed Communication Applications

Abstract

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Keywords

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