Deep learning approaches for robust prediction of large-scale renewable energy generation: A comprehensive comparative study from a national context

Precise forecasting of renewable energy generation is crucial for ensuring grid stability and enhancing the efficiency of energy management systems. This research develops and rigorously evaluates a range of deep learning models—such as Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs), and Bidirectional LSTM (BiLSTM) architectures—for predicting solar, wind, and total renewable energy production at a national scale. These models are systematically benchmarked against traditional machine learning approaches and gradient boosting methods to determine their predictive capabilities. The findings demonstrate that deep learning models incorporating memory mechanisms consistently surpass conventional methods, with BiLSTM standing out as the most precise and dependable model. Furthermore, the study investigates fully connected artificial neural networks (ANNs) and ConvLSTM2D models, reinforcing the advantages of memory-based architectures in modeling temporal relationships. By introducing a robust deep learning framework for large-scale renewable energy forecasting, this research represents a considerable leap forward compared to traditional machine learning techniques. The results highlight the transformative potential of deep learning in improving forecasting accuracy, thereby facilitating more effective energy planning and the smooth integration of renewable energy into national power grids.