Comprehensive characterization of secondary sources originating from Turkey in terms of rare earth elements and scandium

Ayse Yuksekdag; Borte Kose-Mutlu; Beril Kaya; Mustafa Kumral; Mark R. Wiesner; Ismail Koyuncu

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146033

Comprehensive characterization of secondary sources originating from Turkey in terms of rare earth elements and scandium

Ayse Yuksekdag, Borte Kose-Mutlu^*, Beril Kaya, Mustafa Kumral, Mark R. Wiesner, Ismail Koyuncu^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

13 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

REEs are essential materials for modern technology due to their unmatched physical and chemical properties. This paper reviews the potential and types of rare earth elements (REE) in 32 different secondary sources that contain water, wastewater, and slime/solid wastes originating from Turkey. Secondary sources were classified into five different categories as mining wastes (M), combustion residuals (C), sediments and sludges (S), e-waste (E), and wastewater (WW). After pre-processing and acidic digestion of solid samples, elemental concentrations of wastewaters and acidic leachates were measured. The highest total REE (REE_total) concentration was obtained in a combustion residue sample coded as C5 with 379 mg/kg. Besides, the highest critical REE (REE_critical) content was found in an e-waste sample including 346 mg/kg total REE and 76% critical REE. In addition, boron mine wastewater (W5) with a total REE concentration of 110 μg/L was evaluated as a significant important secondary source in terms of yttrium. The association, between scandium and total REE concentrations of category M and S, was evaluated and correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.69, respectively were calculated. E-waste and thermal power plant (TPP) ashes were evaluated as the secondary sources with the highest REE potential among the whole type of waste/wastewater.

Original language	English
Article number	146033
Journal	Science of the Total Environment
Volume	777
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146033
Publication status	Published - 10 Jul 2021

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.

Funding

The authors wish to thank Akademi Çevre Integrated Waste Management Industry Inc. for e-waste supply. This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for financial support under Project No. 117Y357 and Istanbul Technical University (ITU) Scientific Research Project (Project ID: 41893 ).

Funders	Funder number
Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştirma Kurumu	117Y357
Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi	41893

Keywords

E-waste
Fly ash
Rare earth elements (REEs)
Scandium
Secondary sources
Waste characterization

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146033

Cite this

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title = "Comprehensive characterization of secondary sources originating from Turkey in terms of rare earth elements and scandium",

abstract = "REEs are essential materials for modern technology due to their unmatched physical and chemical properties. This paper reviews the potential and types of rare earth elements (REE) in 32 different secondary sources that contain water, wastewater, and slime/solid wastes originating from Turkey. Secondary sources were classified into five different categories as mining wastes (M), combustion residuals (C), sediments and sludges (S), e-waste (E), and wastewater (WW). After pre-processing and acidic digestion of solid samples, elemental concentrations of wastewaters and acidic leachates were measured. The highest total REE (REEtotal) concentration was obtained in a combustion residue sample coded as C5 with 379 mg/kg. Besides, the highest critical REE (REEcritical) content was found in an e-waste sample including 346 mg/kg total REE and 76% critical REE. In addition, boron mine wastewater (W5) with a total REE concentration of 110 μg/L was evaluated as a significant important secondary source in terms of yttrium. The association, between scandium and total REE concentrations of category M and S, was evaluated and correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.69, respectively were calculated. E-waste and thermal power plant (TPP) ashes were evaluated as the secondary sources with the highest REE potential among the whole type of waste/wastewater.",

keywords = "E-waste, Fly ash, Rare earth elements (REEs), Scandium, Secondary sources, Waste characterization",

author = "Ayse Yuksekdag and Borte Kose-Mutlu and Beril Kaya and Mustafa Kumral and Wiesner, {Mark R.} and Ismail Koyuncu",

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AU - Kose-Mutlu, Borte

AU - Kaya, Beril

AU - Kumral, Mustafa

AU - Wiesner, Mark R.

AU - Koyuncu, Ismail

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N2 - REEs are essential materials for modern technology due to their unmatched physical and chemical properties. This paper reviews the potential and types of rare earth elements (REE) in 32 different secondary sources that contain water, wastewater, and slime/solid wastes originating from Turkey. Secondary sources were classified into five different categories as mining wastes (M), combustion residuals (C), sediments and sludges (S), e-waste (E), and wastewater (WW). After pre-processing and acidic digestion of solid samples, elemental concentrations of wastewaters and acidic leachates were measured. The highest total REE (REEtotal) concentration was obtained in a combustion residue sample coded as C5 with 379 mg/kg. Besides, the highest critical REE (REEcritical) content was found in an e-waste sample including 346 mg/kg total REE and 76% critical REE. In addition, boron mine wastewater (W5) with a total REE concentration of 110 μg/L was evaluated as a significant important secondary source in terms of yttrium. The association, between scandium and total REE concentrations of category M and S, was evaluated and correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.69, respectively were calculated. E-waste and thermal power plant (TPP) ashes were evaluated as the secondary sources with the highest REE potential among the whole type of waste/wastewater.

AB - REEs are essential materials for modern technology due to their unmatched physical and chemical properties. This paper reviews the potential and types of rare earth elements (REE) in 32 different secondary sources that contain water, wastewater, and slime/solid wastes originating from Turkey. Secondary sources were classified into five different categories as mining wastes (M), combustion residuals (C), sediments and sludges (S), e-waste (E), and wastewater (WW). After pre-processing and acidic digestion of solid samples, elemental concentrations of wastewaters and acidic leachates were measured. The highest total REE (REEtotal) concentration was obtained in a combustion residue sample coded as C5 with 379 mg/kg. Besides, the highest critical REE (REEcritical) content was found in an e-waste sample including 346 mg/kg total REE and 76% critical REE. In addition, boron mine wastewater (W5) with a total REE concentration of 110 μg/L was evaluated as a significant important secondary source in terms of yttrium. The association, between scandium and total REE concentrations of category M and S, was evaluated and correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.69, respectively were calculated. E-waste and thermal power plant (TPP) ashes were evaluated as the secondary sources with the highest REE potential among the whole type of waste/wastewater.

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Comprehensive characterization of secondary sources originating from Turkey in terms of rare earth elements and scandium

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access to Document

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