Characterization of Eco-Friendly Fabricated and Induction-Sintered Hydroxyapatite-Based Hybrid Composites

In this study, eco-friendly sheep hydroxyapatite (KHO) powder was produced from sheep femur bone waste. Hybrid composite powders were prepared by adding varying amounts of MgO and MgO–graphene to the produced sheep hydroxyapatite powders and sintering them at 1200 °C for 5 min using induction sintering. The physical, mechanical, microstructural, in vitro bioactivity, cell culture, and antibacterial properties were studied. According to the results of the study, the density and compressive strength values of the samples containing 1 wt.% MgO and 1 wt.% MgO–0.1 graphene (KHM1 and KHM1GRF0.1), which had the best density and compressive strength values, were determined to be 2.771 g/cm³–28.42 MPa and 2.636 g/cm³–26.25 MPa, respectively. According to the in vitro bioactivity test in simulated body fluid, these composites exhibited bioactivity, with a dense hydroxy carbona apatite layer forming. Moreover, according to the cell culture and antibacterial test results, it was determined that sheep-derived hydroxyapatite, resulting from induction sintering with MgO and graphene, exhibited excellent biocompatibility, enhanced osteogenic potential, and moderate antimicrobial activity. In summary, these sheep hydroxyapatite hybrid composites exhibited higher mechanical strength and excellent integrated biological performance, confirming their substantial potential as advanced biomaterials for bone regeneration.