Accuracy of point layout with polar coordinates

Layout is one of the most important missions of the surveying engineer, which aims to carry out the designed horizontal and vertical geometries of an engineering structure by satisfying the required accuracies. It is necessary to satisfy the required accuracies through the "achieved point standard deviation" which is defined by the product of the errors derived from known point coordinates and the layout measurements. In order to satisfy the required accuracy, the achieved accuracy should be smaller than the required one. The mission of the surveying engineer is planning the layout process by taking into consideration the required and the achieved standard deviations. In this paper, the planning process concerning the measurement error components is explained. The issues regarding the network design, the measurements, and the selection of the proper instruments for the layout are explained to make optimal decisions. The given decision making methods in this study are rather valuable in the special applications which require high accuracy. Journal of Surveying Engineering