A comprehensive state-of-the-art review on energy-based procedures in earthquake-resistant structural design

Due to its several advantages over the conventional seismic design procedures, i.e., force-based and displacement-based, the energy-based seismic analysis and design procedures are anticipated to have the maturity to be included in the next-generation regulations and seismic design codes. However, extensive efforts are still required to reach a complete design methodology. This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of the literature research on energy-based procedures in earthquake-resistant structural design. Starting with the earliest studies on the energy balance equations, it reviews the works carried out in the literature through the years in several categories, i.e., calculation of the seismic demands, development of the energy spectra, energy-based intensity measures, energy-based record selection and scaling, and energy-based structural design procedures. The reader will receive a complete review of energy-based analysis and design procedures in this paper, emphasizing unresolved issues and a list of existing research gaps.